The Ethical Issues Faced In Business Commerce Essay

The Ethical Issues Faced In Business Commerce Essay There are a wide range of ethical issue in business, covering many professional ethics and perticularty relating to professional like doctors, lawyers and employee rights. Its rights Include fair wage, safe working envirnment and non-discriminatory policies. Ethical issue is also exist in sales and marketing areas in business. For example, it allow anti-comprtitive practices like price fixing and break copyright laws. Ethical issue in business is also importent to remember that companies should have environmental and ecological ethics. As depending on industry its simply ensuring that energy saving practices are used daily running an office, to ensure that pollution kept minimum, and investing in invironmental and much more in business ethics. It is quite difficult to know that any business across the globe, is based on princeples of ethics, but mostly businesses, in environmental and ethical information are puting together. By demanding these kind of characteristic and showing that to consumer is care about company ethics, and diferencies for any organisation can be made less ethical. Business Ethics and Profits Many believe that business ethics and profits do not go hand in hand, i.e. if a company tries to follow busniess ethics it has to forego a portion of its profit and on the other hand if company is aiming for high profits it might has to sacrifice on busniess ethics. But i dont agree with this statement, i believe that if a company keeps in mind the concept of business ethics and social responsibility while making the overall business strategy. A company can achieve its target profits and will also be able to follow business ethics. As business ethics will be embeded in the companys overall strategy and goals for every department will be set keeping to achieve the overall strategy of the company and as the companys main strategy was to make profits while following business ethics, this way profits and business ethics can be achieved at the same time. Business ethics can be profitable Ethics in business can not only be profitable, but it successful for any business, no matter how businesses are large or small. For example integrity and responsibility for its  employees, business establishes itself as trustworthy and engenders loyalty among not only employees but also customers and potential customers. Eethics and business almost sounds like an oxymoron. If we read the headlines we can see something like CEO involveed in corruption, and some illegal activities or Corporations harms the environment. Companys have the ruthless reputation and they just mak profit. It`s true because most profitable company has it mission to return profit to is shareholder.On the other hand it is fixed idea because it does not mean that ethcis and profits can not peacefully exist together. There are many organisation, which are ethical and profitable. If business do something unethically may be they can get financial incentives for short term, but overall damage of business can effect its integrity and reputation. Businesses are depend on confidenc, trust and respect which can receive from customers. If once break this trust, company must spend a money, time and resources to solve this problem.In first place good practices in business ethics is to avoiding issue in every part of the business operation, its not leads to the high profitable and its avoids the cost of damage which is not needed for the company. The most well-non company or other hand most successfull companies understand the importance of business ethics. While some companies do engage in unethical activities to follow the profit, in the long run we can see their demise rather than their success. They might attain some quick short term profits, but this isnt going to sustain them in the long term. What some profitable companies management fail to make a decision is that establishing a good ethical foundation in any organization can gives a company to increase their profits. Profits and ethics can be suitable and even one can improve the quality to another.There are many significant advantages to integrating a philosophy of ethics in business. While profits is important consideration there is no good reason ethics cant play a part of any business. Solid reputation In the businesses ethics are regulerly prectic to attract consumers. When businesses act in ethicaly, it gives good business impression and it result, can achieve a positive impect on business. Good press and word of mouth are positive direction and if business receive the stamp of approval from customers, news and reviews than it can increase chances to be a more profitable business. www.helium.com/items/1285540-business-ethics-can-be-profitable-sustainability-competitive-advantage Honda is one of the biggest Automaker company in the world, which has provided best example that a company can be profitable while following business ethics. Business Ethics at Honda Company History Honda Motor company is a best known automaker in the world. It is third largest automaker in Japan, but company has its own roots speciale in motorcycles, and is the worlds most popular motorcycle manufacture. Its best market in USA, where its majority of sales are generated. Honda automobile products accounts are approximately 90 % comes from its sales, and its includes well-known, top saler brand like Accord, Legend, Civic, Prelude, and the luxury Acura. Accord is second most purchesed car in US, in fact Accord is a most stolen vehicles. Its also produces motorcycles such as Super Cub, Foresight, and Shadow 750. Companies power products division makes other items that improve its annual sales, like agricultural and industrial machinery, portable generators, small boat motor, and all terrain vehicles. (http://www.fundinguniverse.com) Environmental Technology overview Honda has always involved in large market to have the great impact on fuel economy and clean air. Honda work to improve its existing techonology, and at the same time they using the power of dream philosophy to develop the vehicle of the future. Honda believe the importanc of its existing advance investment of internal process in engine technology. They introduce gasoline engine for new generation all over the world, which is extremely low level emission and new engine also increased its fuel efficiency during this time they improve driving performence. In further their goal to improve energy efficiency and developed new gas-electric hybrid vehcile which is achieve ultra-high fuel economy. Environmental Vehicle When honda come to talke about enviornment, they let their products in market to speak themselves. In 1974, its introduce very simple Civic CVCC engine, which changing its fule efficiency and low emmissions, CVCC engine showing their spirit to commite enviornmentaly responsible technology. In first hybrid vehicle sold in North America which government first certified fuel-cell car. It first Honda product, to show their legacy of inovation and acting on their beliefs, from the Civic GX Natural Gas vehicle, FCX Clarity Cell vehicle, and the Civic hybrid. Natural Gas It is very importent for Honda to find its new ways to improve gasoline, and today world it is a necessary part for the company. In the history of advance technology to the internal process of engine, Honda attacks its fuel ceonomy simultaneously, that reduce it fuel consumption at the same time they minimizeing exhuast emission. These all things to maintaining real world driveability and long term reliability. These are necessary efforts to keep their precious environmental resources and reducing their dependency on oil. Honda Civic is a gasoline powered which is Ultra Low Emission vehicle. Honda Accord is first gasoline powered car sold in california, which is meet the stander of Super Ultra Low Emission vehcile in 2000. Two years later, Honda introduced a new generation of gasoline engines around the world, with extremely low emission levels and increased fuel efficiency that also helped to improve drinving performance. Hybrids Taking it a step further. Honda has made vast improvements in the efficiency and cleanliness of the internal combustion engine and in the quest for viable alternative fuels. But at Honda, they are never satisfied with the best they can do. So they have focused on perfecting hybrid technology and bringing it to the mainstream. Gasoline performs well and is convenient, with a place to fill it up on nearly every corner. The Honda FCX clarity fuel cell vehicle Honda began dreaming about a hydrogen-powered fuel-cell vehicle way back in 1986. Today, the fruits of their labour can be seen as the FCX Clarity is officially out on the road. For their two decades, their engineers have been dedicated to building a zero-emissions car that will help protect the natural environment for their children and future generations. Powered by an electric motor and utilizing a Honda-developed fuel-cell stack, the FCX Clarity emits no CO2, which scientists say is a major contributor to climate change. The FCX Clarity Emits only water vapour Uses clean, domestically produced hydrogen Significantly reduces carbon dioxide emissions Is a certified Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Initiatives Awards Evironmental leadership of Honda are good for environments, society and for business, over three decades. They have award to prove it environmental leadership. They developed a new Home Energy Station (HES) which can produce hydrogen from natural gas that can use for fuel cell vehicle, during this time they supplying electricity and hot water for homes. New HES system that has been jointly established with strategic fuel cell partner, Plug Power is located in Reseach and development department at Honda in California, America. Is intended to demonstrat and calculate the quality production of hydrogen, storage and fuelling, which is part of coutinuing reseach into hydrogen energy source. Honda kept its view that hydrogen fuel cell power is potential for the next generation, that power plat needs to find the related problem to the development of different fuels, that can reduce gas emissions and good impect for global warming. Its ongoing reseach improv their efficiency of hydrogen fuel production process and vehicles. In each day, new (HES) system generate enough hydrogen to refill the tank of Honda FCX, and that process takes few minutes.This system consists a major processes and components that are: To improve system that remove hydrogen from natural gas. To give electric power that can utilizes to removed hydrogen. Factory facilities can be improved thats allow to remove bad substances from hydrogen. After refuelling, needs high-pressur tank unit to store hydrogen Green Factories Mostly Honda plants all over the world are fully committed the ISO standard, that covering all environmental areas, like treatment of water, waste disposal and energy. Environmental Awards for Honda Vehicles in North America This idea is nothing if they are not put into action, that makes company progress ver well. Honda founder said over philosophy is, that drivers drive their associates to make, The Power of Dream in daily rutine at Honda. Honda think it is nice to know thats many other in market they all are concerned to save the plante as honda.   Greenest Vehicle Honda is able to prove during the role as a leader of environment, in American Council of Energy Efficient Economy, they recived recognation for their four vehicles, as the greenest vehicle of 2006. In Honda, their 9th ennual Green Book The environmental Guid to Car and Trucks, they ranking their vehciles as a environmentlly responsible. Their tow models are top of the list as a Greenest Vehciles of 2006, one is Civic GX power by natural gas and second is Insight Hybrid. These both Cars are also top twelve greenest Cars of the year. In year 2007 they receive a title from the Union of Concerned Scientists as a Greenest Automaket . In the fourth following time, Honda earned a good velue. Union give this award in every tow year to the company with the production of low emission and global warming emission in its automobil fleet at US. In Honda company most of its are the greenest automaker in US. They use clean technology in across the fleet of cars and truct thats makes company to performe well as a environment friendly. Additional Awards In the list of Edmunds.com Honda is top10 most Fuel-Efficient Cars in 2005. Honda Insight receive Highest Rating of EPA Fuel Economy in 2005. Honda Accord Hybrid Sedan wins best Kiplingers Fule Economy in 2006. In 2006 Honda is in third place of Edmond.com list for Most Fuel Efficient Cars In 2008 Civic GX is named for American Greenest Car. (http://corporate.honda.com) Honda Annual reports 2008 and December Monthly Sales If we analys the sales of the company which proves that a company can make profit while practicing business ethics. Uptill 2008 annual vehicle sold by Honda was1,428,765, Honda Divisions 2008 annual sales was 1,284,261. Honda Divisions December monthly sales was 75,405. Annual total car sales of 794,421 for the Honda Division increased 1.0 percent and set a record for the fourth consecutive year. Accord, the top-selling Honda model for 2008, achieved annual sales of 372,789. Civic sales totaled 339,289 for the year, up 2.1 percent. Annual Fit sales of 79,794, up 40.9 percent, set a record for the third consecutive year. American Hondas sales mirror the industrys current condition, said Dick Colliver, executive vice president of American Honda Motor Co., Inc. We believe Honda will be in a strong position when the market stabilizes. www.honda.com/newsandviews/article.aspx?id=4898

National Guard troops

The United States is actively protecting its borders from terrorists, drug dealers, and increasingly, Mexicans. I would have said immigrants, in place of Mexicans, but I do not think this would be completely accurate. After all, President Bush recently said that he was sending National Guard troops to the Mexican – American border, not all the borders around our country. It is an interesting question how much this administration really cares about protecting the borders.One would think that if they were concerned about terrorism as much as they say, and take steps such as tapping domestic phone lines, keeping records of phone call of millions of Americans, and actively infiltrating and observing citizen groups that oppose them, then this administration would have militarized the borders long ago. But this has not been the case. It has not been until the beginning of an election year that this has become an issue.Millions of illegal immigrants have been streaming across our bor ders non-stop since the attacks on the World Trade Center, one would think that this would be the easiest way for any terrorist group to infiltrate the United States. But judging from this administration’s actions thus far, they do not seem to think so. There are many worse people that could easily find their way into our country than the average Mexican.The concern about border security should not focus on Mexicans, it should focus on terrorists groups that wish to do the country harm. The resources of the spy agencies of the United States should not be focused on American citizens and the imagined threat from â€Å"eco-terrorists. † It should be focused on stopping those individuals that truly wish to do this country harm from doing so.

Bru Tripura Vision Essay

According to the legends one of the Tripuri prince was expatriated by the king, who along with his followers migrated to the Mayani Thalang area of Lushai hills and founded a state over there. He proclaim as king of the state and the descendant of the exiled Tripuri prince ruled over the state for generations. In due course of time there was no heir to succeed the throne, which lead to anarchy in the kingdom. Owing to some internal feud and vendetta four chief of the sub tribes, namely Twikluha, Yongsika, Paisika, Tuibruha and their entourage left their hearth and home and migrated through Chittagong to the state of Tripura centuries ago. These Reang chiefs could not climb up the Dombur hill peak for two consecutive times and succeeded in third times. Mahendra Manikya was at the throne of Tripura kingdom. After reaching to the capital, these chiefs tried to persuade the ministers and other bureaucrats to give them permission to meet the king and submit their memorandum but was not successful in doing so. By then they have exhausted whatever food and edible they had brought with them and suffered a lot. They were very sad and disheartened by this. They were determined to send the message of their arrival to the king anyhow. In order to send information to the king they broke the dam of the river Gumti where worship was going on at that time. This was a serious crime and all of them were brought before the king. The king ordered them capital punishment. Somehow this news came to Queen Gunoboti. The chiefs prayed in front of the queen who after persuading the king motivated to forgive these chiefs of their crime, who letter forgave them. Since then the Reangs became very obedient and loyal to the queen and throne of Tripura. It is said that the ueen Gunoboti fed these chiefs with her breast milk in a big pan of brass, which is still intact with Ktordofa, which was gifted by the queen. The queen gifted many other valuable things, which were carefully preserved by Reangs till date. Historical Population figures In 1971 the Riang were the second largest of the scheduled tribes in Tripura. There were 64,722 people counted in the Riang tribe in Tripura that year. In 1961 the Riang had numbered 56,597 and in 19 51 they had numbered 8,471. [1] According to the 2001 census, there were 165,103 Reang in Tripura. Meska and Molsoi groups The Reang clans are divided into two groups: 1. Meska, 2. Molsoi. The Meska Group The Meska group is divided into seven sub groups or dopha, these are as follows: 1. Meska :- â€Å"Meska†means the lemon tree in in kau bru language. 2. Msa :- â€Å"Msa† means tiger in Kau bru. It is said that the fore-father of this dopha was brought up by a tigress in his child hood like the Romulus and Ramous of ancient Rome. 3. Chorkhi :- â€Å"Chorkhi† means Spinning wheel in Kau bru, it is said that one Reang chief was speaking obscene about his daughter-in-law, when his friends started spinning the spinning wheel to musk the obscene of the chiefs. So the descendant are named after the chorkhi. 4. Raikchaoh :- â€Å"Rai† means cane in Kaubru, â€Å"kchaoh† means red in Kaubru; it is said that the fore-father of this dofa used to wear cane made red colour armlet. 5. wairem :- â€Å"wai† means tie, â€Å"rem† means mix/hybrid in Reanglanguage. It is said that they are descendant of Reang man and Kuki woman. 6. Tauma yakcho :- â€Å"Tauma† means hen, â€Å"yakcho† means toeless; the toes of the fore-fathers of this dopha resembled to that of hen. 7. Tuimuiyaphaoh :- â€Å"Tuimayaphaoh† means tortoise in Reang dialect, the fore-father of this dopha were suffering from white patches like the tortoise chest. The Molsoi Group The Molsoi group is sub-divided into six groups, which are as follows: 1. Molsoi :- â€Å"Molsoi† is the derivative of msoi which means msoi in Kaubru. Their fore-fathers first settled in the deer dominated green valley. Since they were called in that name. 2. Apeto :- â€Å"Apeto† is a type of fish in Kaubru. The fore-fathers’ belly was big like the belly of Apet fish. 3. Nouhkham :- â€Å"Nouh† means house, â€Å"kham† means burnt in Kaubru; once the fore-father of this dopha’s house were burnt to ashes since then they were termed in this name. 4. Chongpreng :- â€Å"Chongpreng† is a type of musical instrument, it is said that the fore-father of this dopha used to survive by playing this musical instrument as they were suffering from â€Å"gungri† disease. 5. Yaohstam :- â€Å"Yaohstam† means ring of finger, it is said that the fore-father of this dopha used to used to wear ring and used to display proudly to others. This dopha has been in extinct at present. 6. Reang kachko :- â€Å"Kachko† means chief in Kokborok, the fore-father of this dopha were chiefs of Reang. Ktor Dopha In the above thirteen dophas or sub-groups of the Reangs there are 26 chiefs or heads, who are designated as Kotor Dopha. Kotor means head and dopha means clan or group. The chiefs are divided into two categories: * Rai, and * Kaskau. Rai and his subordinates chiefs * Rai :- â€Å"Rai† means Raja or chief of the sub group is bestowed as Rai. * Chapiya Khan :- Crown Rai. * Chapiya :- Crown Chapiya Khan. * Dor kalim :- He is the priest of Rai. * Doloi :- Helper of Rai. * Bandari :- Store keeper of Rai. * Kanda :- Servant and holder of umbrella of Rai. * Doya Hajari:- Drum player. * Muriya :- Trumpet player. * Dugria :- Helper in of priest. * Dauwa :- Arranger of puja, or worshiping. Siakrak :- distributor of prasad, that is the sacrificial animal meat. Kaskau and his sub ordinate chiefs * Kaskau :- The chief minister of the sub-group is bestowed as Kaskau. * Yaksung :- He is the assistant of chief minister. * Hajra :- Servant of Kaskau. * Kangreng :- Umbrella holder of Kaskau. * Kormo : Servant of Yaksung. * Khan Galim: Umbrella holder of Yaksung. * Khandol :- The collector of food and other requir ed articles. People of Kotor Dopha are exempted from paying taxes to the king. Occupation, culture and custom The Reangs are primarily an agriculturist tribe. In the past they mostly used to practise the Huk or Jhum cultivation, like most other Tripuri tribes. But now shifted to modern agricultural practice. Most of the educated are employed in government job and many are occupying very high post in administration. Some have also started doing business also. Marriage system The Reang is an endogamous tribe and had very little contact with the Bengali or other sub-tribe of Tripuri. But since the beginning of nineteen century there has been some inter tribe marriages and inter-caste wedding among them. The marriage system is similar to other Tripuri tribe of Tripura. There is no dowry system but the bride-groom has to spend to father-in-law’s house for two years before marriage is performed. There are two types of marriages;but nowadays the system to spend to father-in-law’s house is no mandatory. Haloksai, and Haloksam. Parallel cousin marriage is prevalent but declining. Cross cousin marriage among the Reang is accidental. Child marriage is not allowed, widow marriage is permitted. Widows are prohibited to wear ornaments before one year is passed after the death of husbands. Widow and widower are forbidden to participate any entertaining and enjoying programme or activity or attending such activity within one year of death of their spouses. Remarriage of widow and widower are allowed after one year of death of the spouse. Monogamy is the present day practice of the society. Marriage is arranged through the matchmaker Andra, who goes to the prospective bride’s parent for negotiation. Then the brides party is invited to finalise the marriage in Kokswmgma, while pork, fowl, rice, rice beer are served. Marriage is settled to the satisfaction of both the party. The Okchai performs the wedding ceremony on the nuptial day fixed. The Reang widower is not permitted to get marry to an unmarried virgin girl. The Reang marriage bond is very strong and Reang men cannot divorce without the consent of wife. If any Reang is alleged for extramarital relationship and found to be true then they are dealt with strict punishment and heavy penalty is imposed upon. Dress and ornaments The traditional dress of the Reang is simple and plain like other Tripuri people. Traditionally the men wear a hand woven loin cloth and a piece of cloth as a wrapper for upper portion. The women wear a long cloth called Rnai, a wraparound; from the waist to down to the knees. A Rsa, covering the chest, and Rikatouh for covering the whole upper half of the body, wears the upper part of the body. These are woven by the Reang women, which are colourful and very beauty full. But nowadays the educated mass are wearing all the modern dresses like any other part of the world. The Reang women are very fond of personal decoration and take much care for the makeup and hair-do. They love like other Tripuri people, ornaments, flowers, and cosmetics. Silver ornaments especially the necklace of silver coins, the Rangbauk have a pride of place and status. Dance and music It is very much integral part of the Reangs daily life. No other Tripuri people are so fond of dance like them. As a result the Hojagiri folk dance of Riang sub tribe had attained achieved acclaim all over the world. Hozagiri Dance is the most famous dance of the reang community. While the theme of the dance remains almost to be the same as of other tribes, the dance form of the Reang community is quite different from others. The movement of hands or even the upper part of the body is somewhat restricted, whereas the movement beginning from their waist down to their feet creates a wonderful wave. Standing on an earthen pitcher with a bottle on the head and a lighted lamp on it, when the Reang belle dance twisting rhythmically the lower part of the body, the dance bewilders the onlookers. The Reangs also use the musical Instruments like Khamb, Flute made of bamboo and bamboo cymbal. The Reang women prefer to put on black Pachra and Rsa. Reang women put on coins ring, which generally covers their entire upper body. They also put on rings made of coin in their ears. They are fond of fragrant flowers as ornaments to metal things Customs Most of the disputed and differences are settled by the people of Kotor dofa, that is by the Rai and Kasko of respective sub tribe. It is done through the customary law of the Reangs. Whenever a disputes arise in the between the member of the community, a meeting is called by the Rai. All relevant arguments are heard and then justice is done according to the principle of natural justice. Whatever verdict or punishment is pronounced in the judgment it is implemented with firm hand and payments of penalty etc. re made then and there. Religious belief and practices Majority of the Reang in Tripura adhere to Vaishnav Hinduism. They claim Kshatriya status. A growing number of Christians, almost all of them Baptists, exists in both Tripura and Mizoram. In 1943, the Reang were subjected to forcible conversions during the rebellion by Ratanmani Noatia. During the end of 2 0th century, they were again subjected to religious violence in Mizoram by the Baptists. [3] Like other Tripuri people they also believe in many god and goddess. The centre figures are those of fourteen gods and goddess of Tripura. Their important festivals are same those of prevailing in Tripura. These are Ker, Gonga mwtai, Goria, Chitragupra, Hojagiri, Katangi puja, Lampra uathop. The religious observance are community in nature, and each family has to contribute his part of share of payment. It is called as Khain. All the religious festivals are arranged with the prior meeting of chiefs. In such meetings political, social, and religious matters of importance are discussed and decided by the majority of the meeting. The deities of the Reangs are similar those of other Tripuri people. These are: * Sibrai’, the supreme deity or Mtai Ktor Tuima, the presiding deity of river, * Mainouhma, the goddess of paddy, * Khuluhma, the goddess of cotton, * Goroia, the god of wealth prosperity well being and war, * Kalaia, brother of Goria, * Sangrongma, the deity of mother earth, * Hathaikchuma, the goddess of hill, * Buraha, the god of jungle, * Thuhnairou, the god of death, * Bonirou, the god of evil spirit, * Nou hsuma, the goddess of house holds. Worshipping of the deities The worship of different deities are similar to the main-stream Tripuri people. Aokchai, the priest performs all the ceremony along with his helper. The green bamboo pole is used as deity in most on the cases. Different types of life stock like fowl, pig, goat eggs, etc. are offered in the worship. The place of worship is selected out side of the houses. Where the offerings are dedicated in the names of the deities in front of the wathop, green bamboo pole, the symbol of god. But the Rangtouk and Nouhsuma puja is held inside the house only. Two earthen pots are filled with newly grown rice and at top of the pot some oval pebbles collected from huk specially. The pebbles are called the fortune stone. And the pots (Rongtuk) are decorated with the rice powder, vermilion, and garlands. One is named Mainouhgma, the other as Khuluhgma. Rituals on birth of a baby On the birth of baby many pujas are observed. These are Kebengma, Abu suma, Khongkhonok kama, Maitukma etc. for the welfare of the baby. The fowl, prawn, several leaves of trees are needed. When the child grows up special form of worship has to be performed. Bukhuksini the seven-gurdian deities of witches are pleased with sacrifice of a pig, four fowls, and other things beside. Ceremony on death The mortal remains are cremated. The obsequies is done in two stages: Broksakami and Kthuinaimo. Broksakami When a person dies his corpse is first bathed with the Chobtui that is â€Å"alkali water or soap† . After that he is dressed with new clean Rikatouh, head is dressed with another piece of rikatouh like the headgear. In case of woman rnai and rsa. Then a fowl is sacrificed in front of the feet of the corpse. Later on an earthen pot filled with mean and rice placed at the feat of the deceased and it is followed by dance rituals throughout the night. Rice bear is distributed to all the mourners excepting the family members of the deceased. The next morning the body is laid to rest on pyre and cremated usually near a stream. Kthoinaimo It is a ritual connected with the respectful and well wishing offering to the manes. Laotou or the soul deceased remains under the control of the Sisimangi, the son of Buraha , for a year and it is said that Sisimangi is the protector of the soul. On the day of the kathainaimi the widow of the deceased offers dried rice, meat, fish, fruits, and wine in the name of Laotau and Sisimangi, on the smangnouk , then taking the burnt bones or ashes go to the charainok. It is worshiped for over a period of one year or he next hangrai, when it is immersed in any river or in Gomati River at Dumbur,or Ganga, according to the ability of the family. In short the religious culture of the Reang is similar to that of other Tripuri or the Tripura’s other cast Hindu . Posted by BRU at 04:37 Email ThisBlogThis! Share to TwitterShare to Facebook No comments: Post a Comment Newer Post Home Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom) Followers Blog Archive * ? 2011 (20) * ; December (6) * ; November (12) * ? October (2) * HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TRIPURA * Demography of Reang’s History About Me BRU View my complete profile | | Simple template. Powered by Blogger.

Commonly Confused Words Material and Materiel

The words material and materiel are near-homophones: they look and sound similar but have different meanings. Definitions The noun material (pronounced muh-TEER-ee-ul) refers to a substance out of which something is — or can be — made. Material can also refer to information used in writing something, as in research materials. As an adjective, material means relevant and consequential. In American law, a material witness is a person  whose evidence is likely to be important enough to influence the outcome of a trial. Material can also refer broadly to the  physical rather than to the spiritual or intellectual. The noun materiel (pronounced muh-TEER-ee-EL and also spelled  matà ©riel) refers to supplies and equipment used by an organization, especially a military unit. Examples Please note that academic learning is much more than merely memorizing. Reciting extracts from books, articles, lecture notes, or material on the web does not demonstrate that you have learned to think in the way that your teachers think, and may not even get you a pass mark.(Peter Levin,  Write Great Essays!  2nd ed. Open University Press, 2009)Martha sat in her bedroom in the mountain house she had made her own — no trace left of her traitor husband or her bitter black wind of a mother, not so much as a photograph of either of them — a plain, tall woman in a sleeveless blouse and a full skirt made of a coarse woven material like burlap.(Pam Durban, Soon. The Southern Review, 1997)Evidence is material  when it plays a significant part in proving a case. Examples of material evidence might be fingerprints of the accused that were found on the murder weapon, an eyewitness account of how the accused committed the crime,  or stolen property found in the possession of the accused.(John J. Fay,  Encyclopedia of Security Management, 2nd ed.  Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007)  The withdrawal from Iraq is a feat of logistics that has been called the biggest movement of military matà ©riel since World War II.Many historians see the world wars chiefly as struggles of industrial production or technological innovation or both. None of these views, however, is sound. Real battle outcomes cannot be explained by materiel alone; in fact, material factors are only weakly related to historical patterns of victory and defeat.(Stephen Biddle, Military Power: Explaining Victory and Defeat in Modern Battle. Princeton University Press, 2004) Usage Notes Material is derived from the Latin materia, matter. It means the substance out of which something can be fashioned; the elements, constituents, or substances of which something is composed or can be made.Materiel is the French word matà ©riel.  It means equipment, apparatus, supplies used by an institution or an organization, such as the military.(Robert Oliver Shipman,  A Pun My Word: A Humorously Enlightened Path to English Usage. Littlefield Adams, 1991) Practice (a) Officials insisted that the naval blockade had to remain in place to prevent the smuggling of weapons and other war _____. (b) Some of the workers would leave their sacks  at the Store to be picked up the following morning, but a few had to take them home for repairs. I winced to picture  them sewing the coarse _____ under a coal-oil lamp with fingers stiffening from the days work.(Maya Angelou,  I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969) Answers to Practice Exercises: (a) Officials insisted that the naval blockade had to remain in place to prevent the smuggling of weapons and other war  matà ©riel. (b) Some of the workers would leave their sacks  at the Store to be picked up the following morning, but a few had to take them home for repairs. I winced to picture  them sewing the coarse  material  under a coal-oil lamp with fingers stiffening from the days work.(Maya Angelou,  I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969)